மண் வாசனை

khj;jisapd; tuyhW

khj;jis vd;w ngaH te;j tpjk;

       mf;fhyj;jpy; ,t;T+Uf;F ''kfhjsht"" vd;W ngaH ,Ue;jjhf kfhtk;rj;jpy;; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; nghUs; Rw;wpYk; kiyj; njhlHfs; tise;J #o;e;j nghpa rkntsp vd;gjhFk;.

          gz;Lfhgadpd; khkdhd ''fphpfe;jrpth"" vd;w ,sturd; ,t;T+hpy; trpj;jpUe;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. khkd; vd;gjw;F ''khj;Js"" vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. ,e;j nrhy;ypypUe;Nj khj;jis vd;w ngaH Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd xU fhuzk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

          ,d;ndhU tpjkhfTk; ek;gg;gLfpwJ. NrhoHfs; ,yq;ifia jhf;fpa NghJ f[ghF kd;dd; mtHfisg; gopthq;f tpUk;gpdhd;. mjdhy; mtd; NrhoHfspd; kz;zpNyNa mtHfSld; Nghhpl;L ntd;W mjpy; Njhw;w jkpo;g; NghHf; ifjpfs; rpyUld; ,yq;if jpUk;gpdhd;. me;j ifjpfis mtd; ,yq;ifapd; gytplq;fSf;Fk; mDg;gpf; FbakHj;jpdhd;. mtHfs; mjpfkhf FbakHe;j ,lk; khj;jisg; gFjpahjyhy; mt;tplk; ''kfhjNs"" (ngUk; jsf;fl;L) vd;wiof;fg;gl;ljhk;. ngUe; njhifahd kf;fs; $bAs;s ,lj;ij jsf;fl;L vd;W jkpo;y; $WtJk; ,jid cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. NtW tpjq;fspYk; khj;jis ngaH tha;e;j ,lkhFk;.

mYtpfhiu

          Gj;jhpd; Gdpj je;j rpd;dj;ij ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L te;j ,sturd; je;jh vd;gtUk;> ,sturp N`kkhypAk; khj;jisapYs;s nkdpf;njd;d vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;jjhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. tuyhw;Wg; Gfo; ngw;w MNyhf;f tpfhiu vd;w mYtpfhiu ngsj;j MyaKk; khj;jisapy; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,q;F jhd; ''jphpgPlfk;"" vd;Dk; E}y; gid Xiyapy; Kjd; Kjyhf vOjp itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J kfh kfpe;jd; fhyj;jpy; fp.K. 76f;F ,ilapy; vOjg;gl;lJ.

          ghyp nkhopapypUe;j ngsj;j E}yhd ''gPl;lfjh"" vd;Dk; E}iyAk;> mjd; tphpTiuahf rpq;fs nkhopapypUe;j ''ml;lfjh"" vd;Dk; E}iyAk; fp.gp. 412 ,y; kfu ehl;bypUe;J te;jtuhd Gj;jNfhrH vd;gtH ghypapy; nkhop ngaHj;jhH. ,tUila tphpTiuNa ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rka E}y;fspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

          400 Mz;Lfshf tha; nkhopahfNt ,Ue;J te;j ,e;j E}y; tyfk;ghF kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; mYtpfhiuapy; itj;J gid Xiyapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. tyfk;ghF kd;dd; mEuhjGuj;jpypUe;J te;J kiwe;jpUe;j ,lk; khj;jisNa. fz;b murH fhyj;J v`ynghy mjpfhhp vd;gthpd; nrhj;Jf;fs; khj;jisapy; jhd; ,Ue;jd. v`ynghy vd;Dk; ngaUila FLk;gj;jpdH ,q;F ,Ue;J tUtJk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

          khj;jisapy; ,g;NghJ ''fpiu];l;rHr;"" vdg;gLk; fpwp];jt Njthyak; ,Uf;fpd;w ,lk; mf;fhyj;jpy; `pf;nfhy;y vdg;gl;lJ. nts;isaHfs; khj;jisf;F te;j gpd; mt;tplj;jpy; ''kf;nlhty"" (kf;nty) vd;Dk; Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,J 1803 Mk; Mz;by; %Hrhjpahhpd; cjtpahy; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.

,uhtzd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l yf;fiy kiy

          4000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ,yq;ifia Mz;l ,uhtzd;> khj;jisf;F fpof;NfAs;s yf;fiy kiy cr;rpia jd; Ml;rp gPlkhff; mikj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd; vd;W mwpaf; $bajhapUf;fpwJ. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf ,k;kiyg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rpy ,lq;fspd; ngaHfSk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. mit> ,uhtzhfy (,uhtzd; ghiw)> ,uhtzh mltpa (,uhtzd; fhL)> uhtzh vy (,uhtzd; Xil)> rPj;jhfy (rPijapd; ghiw)> ''rPj;jh nyd"" ''uzKNu"" kPKNu Kjypa ngaHfshFk;.

khj;jis mUs;kpF = Kj;Jkhhpak;kd; Njt];jhdk;

Mya tuyhW

kdpjd; cyfpy; Njhd;wpa ehs; Kjy; mtdJ tho;tpy; ,iwtDf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l Myaq;fs; ,d;wpaikahj ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wtpl;ld. ,aw;if jhapd; tbtq;fshd epyk;> ePH> neUg;G> fhw;W> Mjtd;> jpq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gy;NtW tbtq;fis mikj;J Myaj;jpy; ,lkspj;jhd;. NkYk; kf;fspilNa tho;e;J> tpaj;jF rhjidfis Ghpe;J mk;kdpjHfspd; tho;it nja;t tho;thf khw;wpa kfhd;fisAk; nja;tq;fshfNt topg;gl;ldH. ,e;jpud;> fz;zd;> ,uhkd;> Gj;jH> kfhtPuH Nghd;NwhUf;F ,t;thW Nfhapy;fs; Njhd;wpd. Mjpapy; cyfpd; vy;yh gFjpfspYk; ,t;thNw nja;t topghL vOe;jJ.

          Muk;gf; fhyj;jpy; xU kuj;jpd; mbapy; jhd; topghL Muk;gpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU tpy;t kuj;jbapy; kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; ghuk;ghpa $j;jhd fhkd; $j;J eilngw;W ,Uf;fpwJ. khj;jis mk;kd; ,d;W Nfhtpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,uz;L iky; J}uj;jpy; Xbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; Mw;wpypUe;J (,d;W RLfq;if MW) fufk; ghspj;J rf;jp fufk; vLj;J mbahHfs; efH te;J mile;J ,e;j kuj;jbapy; fhkd; eLthHfs;. md;W njhlq;fp Kg;gJ ehl;fs; fhkd; tpoh eilngWk;. khiyapy; ujp Ntlk; fl;bAk;> kd;kjd; Ntlk; fl;bAk; ,UtH njUtpy; Mb tUthHfs;. mtHfs; MLtjw;F fhkd; ghly; ghlg;gLk;. mjw;F Vw;why; Nghy; jg;G (Njhy; fUtp) mbg;gJ tof;fk;. ujp kd;kjd; xt;nthU ehSk; xt;nthU gFjpfspy; nrd;W MLthHfs;. ,tHfSld; Nfhkhsp Nt\k; fl;b (ntl;bahd; ntl;br;rpAk;) MLthHfs;. ,e;j fhkd; $j;J ,d;Wk; kiyafj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j fhkd; tpoh rkPg fhyk; tiu khj;jis efhpd; kj;jpapy; mike;Js;s Kdpahz;b Nfhtpy; tstpYk;> ehnfhy;iy> Rdq;fhkk; gps;isahH Nfhtpy; tstpYk; ,lk;ngw;W te;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;thW Ntlk; fl;LgtHfs; fhkd; Cd;wp fhg;G fl;LtjpypUe;J 30 ehl;fSk; tpujk; ,Ue;J tUthHfs;. mNj Neuj;jpy; fhkd; Cd;wpAs;s mNj ,lj;jpNyNa gr;ir ge;jy; mikj;J jq;fpAk; te;jhHfs;. ,e;j gr;ir ge;jy; mikf;Fk; Kiwia Muk;gk; Kjy; (ehRtd;) ghngH r%fj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs; nra;J te;jjhf mwpa KbfpwJ. 30k; ehs; fhkd; vhpf;fg;gl;lJk; mij mLj;j %d;whk; ehs;> Muk;gpg;gjw;F nfhz;L te;j fufj;ij nfhz;L Ngha; nfhz;L te;j Mw;wpy; nfhz;L Ngha; tpLthHfs;. ,t;thW vLf;fg;gLk; fufk; rf;jp fufk; vdg;gLk;.

          ,t;thW fhkd; Cd;wg;gl;l ,lk; ehsiltpy; Gdpj ,lkhf fzpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. mj;jifa Gdpj ,lkhf fzpf;fg;gl;l ,lNk  ,d;W Myak; mike;Js;s ,lkhFk;. fhkd; Cd;wg;gl;l ,lk; Gdpj ,lkhfp> topg;ghl;L ,lkhf ehsiltpy; khwpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

          ,e;j Gdpj ,lj;jpy; mk;ghs; te;J mkHe;jjhfNt mwpa KbfpwJ. fUtiwapYs;s mk;ghs; rpiyahdJ vq;fpUe;Jk; nfhz;L te;J gpujp\;il nra;ag;gl;ljy;y. ,e;j Gdpj ,lj;jpypUe;j fw;ghiu xd;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j fd;dpg; ngz;fs; ,Uthpy; xUtH ,e;j fw;ghiuapy; mkHe;jjhfTk; mf;fd;dpapd; rNfhjhp fSjhtis RLfq;if Mw;wpd; mUfpy; nrd;W mkHe;jjhfTk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j fw;ghiuapy; mkHe;j fd;dp mUs; nfhz;L mq;fpUe;J nry;y kWj;Js;shH. CH kf;fs; fufk; ghspj;J mg;ngz;iz kiyNaw;wptpl;lduhk;. Mdhy; me;j tay;ntspapy; ,Ue;j fw;ghiuapy; tptrhap xUthpd; kz;ntl;b gl;lnghOJ ,uj;jk; frpe;jjhfTk;> mtd; nghJkf;fis mioj;J tplaj;ij tpsf;fNt nghJkf;fs; Mr;rhpak; mile;jjhfTk;> me;j fd;dp ngz;zplk; cUf;nfhz;L te;jJ mk;ghs; vd;gijAk; mwpe;j kf;fs; me;j ,lj;ijAk; fw;ghiuiaAk; topg;gl Kw;gl;ldH.

          ,d;W $l kio ,y;yhj fhyq;fspYk;> mk;ik Nehapdhy; kf;fs; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLk; NghJk; rf;jp fufk; ghspj;J vLg;gJ kiyaf kf;fspilNa ,Ue;J tUfpd;w tof;fkhFk;. rf;jp fufk; fhkd; Cd;Wk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;ljhy; me;j ,lk; rf;jp topg;ghl;Lf;Fhpajhf ehsiltpy; khwpaJ. jkpoHfspd; fz;fz;l nja;tkhf khhpak;kid Nghw;wpagbahy; ,g;Gdpj ,lk; mk;kDf;Fhpa Gdpj ,lkhf khwpaJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; mk;ik Nehapdhy; ,e;jpa njhopyhsHfs; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. Neha; jPHf;f mk;gpifia Ntz;Ljy;> khtpsf;F vLj;jy;> Ntg;gpiy ,iyAld; mhprp khit ,bj;J (Js;Skh) rpWtHfSf;F nfhLj;jy;> ghy; thHj;jy;> Njtpf;F Fspik rhj;Jjy; Mfpad kf;fs; Neha;f;F gae;J rf;jpf;F mk;gpifapd; Gdpj ,lj;jpy; nra;J te;jhHfs;. ,t;thW me;j Gdpj ,lk; $lhu Myakhf khwpaJ> fhkd; Cd;wp tpoh elj;jpatHfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH rq;fu ehuhaz gps;is ,thpd; FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jtH Kj;jrhkp gps;is. Kj;Jrhkp gps;is FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfs; ,d;Wk; khj;jisapy; ,Ue;J tUfpwhHfs;. Myaj;jpy; ujpkjd; ntspNar; nry;Yk; fhl;rp rpj;jpukhf jPl;lg;gl;L topg;ghLk; nra;J te;Js;shHfs; vd;gjw;F rhd;whf mt;thwhd ujpkd;kjd; jPl;ba rpj;jpuk; rl;lk; Nghlg;gl;L fUtiwapy; rkPg fhyk; tiu ,Ue;jJ. Myak; Gzuikj;J Fk;ghgpN~fk; nra;j NghJ mg;glk; fUtiwf;F NeHKd;dhy; khl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

          ,t;thyak; xU tay; ntspNa. ,jw;F rhd;whf Myaj;jpd; njhluhf ehshgf;fKk; ,d;Wk; tay;fNs ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,t;tay;fspd; xUfiuapy; ,d;Wk; ePNuhilfs; Xbf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,e;ePNuhil Myaj;jpd; vjpH jpirapy; fz;Zf;F vl;ba J}uj;jpy; njd;gLk; kiyf; Fd;wpypUe;Nj gha;fpwJ. vjpH jpirapy; njd;gLfpd;w kiy moF kiy vd;W md;W njhl;L ,d;W tiu miof;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. khj;jis efUf;F cz;ikapNyNa ,k;kiyj; njhlH moF nra;tjd; fhuzkhf ,J moF kiy vd miof;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

          fhyj;jpd; Xl;lj;jpy; ,e;j $lhu Myak; tsHr;rp fz;Ls;sJ. 1824f;Fk; 1852f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ek; jha;j; jpUehlhd <oj;jpy; mk;ik Neha;> the;jp Ngjp Neha;fspdhy; kf;fs; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;L FLk;gk; FLk;gkhf mope;Js;sdH. ,e;j mopit jLf;f kf;fs; $l;lk; mk;gpifia ehb topg;gl;lJld; mk;gpiff;F NeHj;jp fld;fSk; nra;tjhf NeHe;J itj;Js;sdH. ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpNyNa kiyafj;jpd; vy;yh gFjpfspYk; Kj;Jkhhp mk;kd; topghL Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,jd; Muk;gf; fl;lkhf khj;jisapy; Kj;Jkhhpak;kDf;F Myak; fl;l nghJkf;fs; xd;W NrHe;J epjp jpul;b fw;fs;> Rz;zk; nfhz;L mk;gpiff;F kl;Lk; rpW Myak; vOg;gp cs;shHfs;.

          mf;fhyg; gFjpapNyNa mk;kd; rpiyAk; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. mk;ghs; te;J mkHe;jjhf nrhy;yg;gLk; Gdpj fw;ghiuapNyNa mk;ghspd; rpiy nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. mk;kd; te;J mkHe;jjhf nrhy;yg;gLk; Gdpj ,lj;jpy; tlf;F jpiria Nehf;fp mk;ghs; mkHe;jgb nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 1957k; Mz;lstpy; Myaj;jpd; jpUg;gzp Ntiyfspd; Kjw;fl;lk; Muk;gpf;Fk; nghOJ mk;kdpd; fUtiw> tpkhdk; KOikahf fl;l Muk;gpj;j nghOJ mk;kd; rpiyia mirf;f Kw;gl;l nghOJjhd; mjid mirf;fNth mfw;wNth KbahJ vd;gij gyUk; mwpe;jdH. mjhtJ epue;jukhf ,Ue;j Gdpj fw;ghiuapNyNa mk;kd; rpiy nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ rpW Myak; fl;l Muk;gpj;j NghNj> Mya tsHr;rp fUjp md;W tho;e;j jkpoHfs; fhzp epyk; nghUl;fisAk; thhp toq;fpAs;shHfs;. mtHfspy; Rg;G gps;is Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH. mtHfshNyNa ,d;W Myak; mike;Js;s fhzp ,dhkhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mthpdhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhzpf;F cWjp 19.05.1852 y; vOjg;gl;lJ. 1852y; vOjg;gl;l cWjpf;F gpwNf $lhukhf ,Ue;j Kj;Jkhhpak;kd; Myak; GJg;gpj;J> mofpa tz;zj;jhyhd Rijr; rpw;gq;fisf; nfhz;l fUtiwAk;> fUtiw NfhGuKk; fl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Gjpa Myaj;jpd; fUtiw xU fw;ghiuf;F Nky; mike;Js;sJ vd;gijAk; mUs;kpF = Kj;Jkhhpak;kd; mkHe;jpUf;Fk; cUtk; me;j ghiuapd; kPJ nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gijAk; Kd;$l;bNa $wpapUe;Njd;. mk;kdpd; Kfj;Njhw;wk; rkaGuk; mk;ghspd; Kfj;Njhw;wj;Jld; xj;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fUtiw Myak; mike;jijj; njhlHe;J rf;jp fufk; vLj;j epiy khwp NjNuhl;lk; eilg;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. NjH tPjp tyk; tUk; fhyj;jpy; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il efuj;jhHfs; jq;fs; Fynja;tkhd KUfd;> tpehafH> rptd; mlq;fpa rpW Myaq;fisAk;> mk;kd; fUtiwf;F mUfhikapNyNa mikj;Js;sdH. ,jd; njhluhf %d;W NjH tyk; tu Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. mk;kd;> KUfd;> tpehafH> rptdk;ghs; jdpj;jdp %d;W ,ujq;fs; fl;lg;gl;L tUlh tUlk; NjHj;jpUtpoh eilngw;W te;Js;sJ. khrpkfj;jpNyNa> md;Wnjhl;L ,d;W tiu NjHj;jpUtpoh eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.

          Kj;Jkhhp mk;ghis %y%Hj;jpahff; nfhz;l Myaq;fspy; rptd; Myak; miktJ FiwT. ,Ue;j NghJk; ,q;F rptd; Myak; mike;jjw;F gy fhuzq;fs; Kd;NdhH KjpNahH nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. xU fhyj;jpy; mk;ghspd; nfh^uj; jd;ik NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jjhk;> clDf;Fld; gop thq;fp te;jjhk;@ mjdhy; mk;ghspd; Mf;Nuh\j;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhf> mk;ghspd; ghHitia Nehf;fpa jpirapy; rptd; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;ljhk;. mjd;gpd; mk;ghspd; Mf;Nuh\k; mlq;fpg; NghdjhfTk; nrhy;thHfs;. rptdf;fs; rf;jp mlf;fk; vd;w nghUs; ,jpy; njhdpf;fpd;wJ.